Thermodynamics & Thermochemistry

$\Delta H=\Sigma H_{R}-\Sigma H_{P}$

$\Delta H=\Sigma H_{R}$

$\Delta H=\Sigma H_{P}-\Sigma H_{R}$

$\Delta H=\Sigma H_{P}$

First law of thermodynamics

Hess's law

Avogadro's law

Second law of thermodynamics

Isothermal

Isobaric

Isochoric

Adiabatic

adiabatic process

isochoric process

isothermal process

isobaric process

Zero

– RT ln $V_{2}$/$V_{1}$

$C_{V}$ ($T_{2}$ – $T_{1}$)

– RT ($V_{2}$ – $V_{1}$)

$H_{2\left( g \right)}+I_{2\left( g \right)}\longrightarrow 2HI_{\left( g \right)}$

$\dfrac{1}{2}H_{2\left( g \right)}+\dfrac{1}{2}F_{2\left( g \right)}\longrightarrow HF_{\left( g \right)}$

$N_{2(g)}+3H_{2(g)}\longrightarrow 2NH_{3(g)}$

$CO_{(g)}+\dfrac{1}{2}O_{2(g)}\longrightarrow CO_{2(g)}$

$\Delta H=\sum \Delta H_{P}-\sum \Delta H_{R}$

$\Delta H=\sum \Delta H_{R}-\sum \Delta H_{P}$

$\Delta H=\sum \Delta H_{P}+\sum \Delta H_{R}$

$\Delta H=\dfrac{\sum \Delta H_{P}}{\sum \Delta H_{R}}$

The aqueous NaOH and HCl solutions mixed together.

Formation of ammonia by Haber process.

Ice melts at room temperature.

The freezing of liquid water.

Volume

Pressure

Work

Temperature

$\Delta H^{\circ}=\dfrac{T}{\Delta S^{\circ}}$

$\Delta \mathrm{H}^{\circ}=\dfrac{\Delta \mathrm{S}^{\circ}}{\mathrm{T}}$

$\Delta \mathrm{H}^{\circ}=\mathrm{T} \Delta \mathrm{S}^{\circ}$

$\Delta \mathrm{H}^{\circ}=\dfrac{1}{\mathrm{~T} \Delta \mathrm{~S}^{\circ}}$

It is an extensive property.

It is not a state function.

Its absolute value cannot be determined.

The standard enthalpy of formation of an elements in its reference (most stable) state is zero.

1

-2

-1

-3

40 J

60 J

30 J

50 J

$20 \mathrm{~kJ} \mathrm{~mol}^{-1}$

$345 \mathrm{~kJ} \mathrm{~mol}^{-1}$

$690 \mathrm{~kJ} \mathrm{~mol}^{-1}$

$1380 \mathrm{~kJ} \mathrm{~mol}^{-1}$

$\mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}_{(\ell)} \rightarrow \mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}_{(\mathrm{s})}$

$\quad \mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}_{(\mathrm{s})} \rightarrow \mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}_{(\ell)}$

$\quad \mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}_{(\mathrm{g})} \rightarrow \mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}_{(\ell)}$

$\quad \mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}_{(\mathrm{g})} \rightarrow \mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}_{(\mathrm{s})}$