Atomic Structure

Pauli's exclusion principle

Hund's rule

Aufbau rule

Heisenberg uncertainty principle

number of protons + number of neutrons + number of electrons

number of protons + number of neutrons

number of protons + number of electrons

number of electrons + number of neutrons.

same neutron number but different proton number

same proton number but different neutron number

same proton and neutron number

same proton but different electron number.

p-orbital

s-orbital

$d_{xy}$ -orbital

$d_{z2}$ -orbital

3s

3p

3d

3f

38

50

126

88

$-2.18\times{10}^{-18} J$ atom ${}^{-1}$

$-2.18\times{10}^{-18} \mathrm{kJ}$ atom ${}^{-1}$

$-2.18\times{10}^{-18}ergsatom^{-1}$

$+2.18\times{10}^{-18} J$ atom ${}^{-1}$

mass and energy are related

electrons occupy empty space around the nucleus

neutrons are buried deep in the nucleus

the point of impact with matter can be precisely determined.

Violet

Blue

Yellow

Red

Blue

Violet

Yellow

Red

0

1

2

3

Pauli's exclusion principle

Hund's rule

Aufbau rule

Heisenberg uncertainty principle

4s

4p

4d

4f

Paschen

Lyman

Pfund

Balmer

$\mathrm{mvr}=\dfrac{2 \pi}{\mathrm{~h}} \times \mathrm{n}$

$\mathrm{mvr}=\mathrm{n} \times \dfrac{\mathrm{h}}{2 \pi}$

$\mathrm{mvh}=\mathrm{n} \times \dfrac{\mathrm{r}}{2 \pi}$

$\mathrm{mv}=\left(\dfrac{\mathrm{h} \times \mathrm{r}}{2 \pi}\right) \mathrm{n}$